Irrigation and gender roles

Note

All three models tested on cross-country data showed a significant negative association between plough use and female labor force participation. (Note that the coefficient for the third model is positive -- I am relatively certain that this is a typo, and is corrected here.) The relationship was also significant when World Values Survey data was used, though the sign was flipped in some models and so the results were inconsistent. Afrobarometer data showed no significant relationship between plough use and female labor force participation. The Asian Barometer did not have data on plough use. When tested with SCCS/EA data, traditional plough use had a significantly negative effect on female participation in all agricultural activities except for milking (positive and not significant).